Green synthesis of nano-propolis extract and its biological effectiveness in inhibitory growth of phytopathogenic fungi.

This study focused to.evaluate the potential of nano-propolis as an alternative antifungal agent against several phytopathogenic fungi affecting wheat, field crops, and essential vegetable crops..Laboratory assays demonstrated that propolis extracts exhibited significant antifungal activity, impeded Fusarium oxysporum by up to 67.65% at a concentration of 100%. Additionally, inhibitory effects were remarked against Fusarium graminearum. Notably, the nano-propolis formulation achieved an inhibition rate of 87.65%. against Rhizoctonia solani at the same concentration. However, no inhibitory activity was observed against Pythium sp., which displayed marked resistance to the treatment. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized from propolis via green nanotechnology, distinguished by UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC fingerprinting to overcome the inherent hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of raw propolis. Salicylic and ascorbic acids were incorporated into the nano-aqueous extract as activity increasing adjuvants. The uncovering of this study indicates that the nano-propolis extract exhibits antifungal effective against several phytopathogenic fungi at elevated concentrations; however, it demonstrates limited efficacy against Pythium spp..in the absence of co-applied biostimulatory agents.