Barriers and Facilitators to Breast Self-examination in Oman: A Qualitative Study of Primary Healthcare Workers’ Perceptions

Objectives: Given the increasing prevalence of breast cancer, understanding why women perform or do not perform breast self-examination (BSE) is essential to promote self-care. This study explored the perceptions of primary healthcare workers about barriers and facilitators to performing BSE in Oman and identified potential interventions to promote BSE. Methods: A qualitative study using four focus group discussions was conducted with 30 healthcare workers (nurses, physicians, administrators, and radiographers) from primary healthcare centers in Muscat. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically analyzed using constructs from the Health Belief Model. Results: Barriers to BSE included inadequate knowledge of correct BSE techniques (low self-efficacy), limited access to accurate information and professional recommendations (lack of cues to action), sociocultural stigma, fear of cancer (perceived barriers), and low motivation. Facilitators included higher educational level and personal exposure to breast cancer (perceived susceptibility), peer and family support, and positive healthcare experiences (perceived benefits). Religious beliefs played dual roles, acting both as fatalistic barriers and as motivators for self-care. Participants expressed uncertainty about the effectiveness of BSE compared to other screening methods but acknowledged its role in early detection and monitoring disease progression. Suggested strategies included introducing BSE into educational curricula, strengthening its role in clinical practice, engaging communities, and conducting public health awareness campaigns. Conclusions: BSE remains a useful tool for women to detect breast abnormalities. Enhanced efforts are recommended to integrate BSE education and practice across academic institutions, workplaces, healthcare facilities, and community services.