Civil protection of the electronic consumer against false or misleading commercial advertisements in Iraqi law (a comparative study)

This research examines the civil protection of online consumers from false or misleading advertising under Iraqi law, in light of general principles and specific provisions, and in comparison with Egyptian law and European legislation. The research demonstrates that online advertising has become an influential tool in shaping consumer will, thus necessitating strict legal oversight. The analysis reveals legislative shortcomings in Iraq, particularly in defining misleading advertising and distinguishing it from false advertising. The research also highlights the superiority of the Egyptian model due to its adoption of an objective standard for consumer protection. The study concludes that the Iraqi legal framework needs to be developed to achieve a genuine balance between the freedom of e-commerce and consumer protection.